Understanding Cancer in Dogs: What Every Pet Owner Should Know

Cancer is one of the leading health concerns for dogs, particularly as they age. While a cancer diagnosis can be frightening, advances in veterinary medicine have made many forms of canine cancer treatable. Understanding the warning signs, risk factors, and treatment options can help you be a better advocate for your dog’s health.

How Common Is Cancer in Dogs?

Cancer affects approximately one in four dogs and is the leading cause of death in dogs over the age of 10. However, cancer can strike dogs at any age. Certain breeds are more predisposed to specific types of cancer, including Golden Retrievers, Boxers, Bernese Mountain Dogs, and German Shepherds.

What are the Top 5 Common Types of Canine Cancer?

1. Lymphoma affects the lymphatic system and is one of the most common cancers in dogs. It often presents as swollen lymph nodes under the jaw, in front of the shoulders, or behind the knees.
2. Mast Cell Tumors are skin cancers that can appear as lumps or bumps anywhere on the body. They vary greatly in appearance and behavior, from benign to highly aggressive.
3. Hemangiosarcoma is an aggressive cancer of the blood vessels, commonly affecting the spleen, liver, or heart. It’s particularly common in larger breeds.
4. Osteosarcoma is a painful bone cancer most often seen in large and giant breed dogs, typically affecting the legs.
5. Melanoma can occur in the mouth, on the skin, or in the nail beds and varies in severity depending on location.

What are the Most Common Warning Signs of Cancer in Dogs?

Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes. That is why we created the #CheckYourDog monthly program.  Mark your calendar on the 14th of every month to check your dog for lumps and bumps and any of these signs you may see. To find out more in depth information on how to Check Your Dog, click here. Contact your veterinarian if you notice:

• Abnormal swellings that persist or grow
• Sores that don’t heal
• Weight loss or loss of appetite
• Bleeding or discharge from any body opening
• Offensive odor
• Difficulty eating or swallowing
• Hesitation to exercise or loss of stamina
• Persistent lameness or stiffness
• Difficulty breathing, urinating, or defecating

Not every lump is cancer, but any new growth should be evaluated by a veterinarian. A simple needle aspirate or biopsy can often determine whether a mass is benign or malignant.

What are the Diagnosis and Treatment Options?

Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination and may recommend diagnostic tests including bloodwork, X-rays, ultrasound, or biopsies. Once cancer is diagnosed, treatment options may include:
Surgery to remove tumors is often the first line of treatment when possible and can be curative for localized cancers.
Chemotherapy is commonly used for cancers like lymphoma and is generally well-tolerated in dogs with fewer side effects than in humans.
Radiation therapy can be effective for tumors that cannot be completely removed surgically or for certain types of cancer like nasal tumors.
Immunotherapy is an emerging treatment that harnesses the dog’s immune system to fight cancer.
Many dogs continue to enjoy good quality of life during treatment, and some cancers can be cured or managed for extended periods.

Prevention and Early Detection

While not all cancers can be prevented, you can take steps to protect your dog:
• Schedule regular veterinary checkups, at least annually for adult dogs and twice yearly for senior dogs
• Perform monthly Check Your Dog home exams, checking for lumps, bumps, or changes
• Maintain a healthy weight through proper diet and exercise
• Spay or neuter your dog to reduce certain cancer risks
• Limit sun exposure for dogs with light-colored coats
• Avoid exposure to tobacco smoke and lawn chemicals

The Importance of Quality of Life

When facing a cancer diagnosis, work closely with your veterinarian to understand your dog’s prognosis and treatment options. Consider quality of life as much as quantity. Some pet owners choose aggressive treatment, while others opt for palliative care to keep their dog comfortable. There’s no wrong choice when made with your dog’s best interests at heart.

Moving Forward

A cancer diagnosis doesn’t mean immediate goodbye. Many dogs with cancer continue to live happy, comfortable lives for months or even years with appropriate treatment. Stay informed, maintain open communication with your veterinary team, and cherish the time you have with your beloved companion.
If you have concerns about cancer in your dog, don’t hesitate to contact your veterinarian. Early detection and intervention offer the best outcomes, and your vet is your partner in ensuring your dog receives the best possible care.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional veterinary advice. Always consult with your veterinarian regarding your dog’s specific health concerns.